A bootloader is
a computer program that loads an operating system (OS) or runtime environment
for the computer after completion of the self-tests.
The bootloader configures the device to an initial known state
and has a means to select where to start executing the kernel. It can allow you
to make this selection, which give you for example the opportunity to start an
alternative Linux kernel, or Windows. Because the bootloader is an essential
component of the boot process, it is stored in non-volatile memory, such as
flash memory.
Bootloaders are written by hardware vendors and are
specialized for the hardware they run on.
For Android devices, the bootloader typically starts
either Android or Recovery. Android bootloaders often have a basic
interactive mode that can be triggered by holding the "volume down"
button while the bootloader is executing.
Bootloader
Locked/unlocked bootloaders
A locked bootloader is one that will only boot an OS that it
"approves" of. This may mean that device's boot partition has an
approved digital signature, or the carrier ID (CID) hard-coded into the OS
matches a value hard-coded into the bootloader itself. See also
Wikipedia:Hardware restrictions#Verified/trusted/secure boot and Wikipedia:SIM
lock.
For devices with a locked bootloader, booting an unsanctioned
OS (e.g. CyanogenMod or Ubuntu) requires the device's owner to first unlock (or
even replace[1]) the bootloader. Unlocking the bootloader sometimes voids the
device's warranty. Procedures vary typically by manufacturer. (XDA)
Unlock Bootloader
Bootloader unlocking should not be confused with Android
rooting.
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